How hard is too hard? (Advice from Coaches)

Editor’s note: this is #3 in a series of articles focused on training advice for Zwifters. In each article, coaches bring their experience to the table and answer a single question. Here is this week’s…

How hard is too hard? Training involves pain and suffering, but there’s a point where you can push too hard and do more harm than good. How do I know when to keep pushing and when to take it easy?

Shayne Gaffney, GC Coaching

Deciphering what is hard from what is too hard is a difficult undertaking due to the inherently subjective nature of something that is deemed as difficult. However, with the advent of the heart rate monitor and/or power meter coupled with fitness tracking and analyzing software, we have created a dyad that we can utilize to actually know and understand what is hard versus what is too hard.

Said another way, understanding how hard a workout is, via its Training Stress Score (TSS), is one of the many ways how I, as a coach, can decipher how hard an athlete is pushing, or not pushing.

For example, if I know a workout usually ends up with a TSS of 100, but after completing and uploading it, the athlete only hit 75 TSS, I know something went amiss and the workout is too hard for anybody to accomplish, or the athlete wasn’t pushing themselves hard enough, or the athlete is overtrained and generally fatigued and is physically unable to hit the prescribed wattage. 

Now, if we want to go further down the rabbit hole, we can analyze the power and heart rate average of the intervals and compare them to historical values for the athlete.  Another example, if the athlete performs 4 x 10 minutes at 300w with an average heart rate of 170 bpm for each interval in January, but doing the same workout in March results in an average heart rate of 180 bpm (with all things going well in their training and being equal otherwise), this shows me that decoupling has occurred and overtraining has begun to rear its ugly head, aka FULL STOP!

Noel Bonk, Bonk Werx

As many coaches know, it’s sometimes easier to make an athlete go hard but harder to make them go easy.  Knowing when to push it and when to take it easy is a balance of both training data feedback as well as taking a solid assessment of how you are feeling overall.

As I get to know an athlete, one thing I look for is training trends. This includes both ride data as well as subjective feedback on how they are feeling on a daily basis. While it’s entirely normal to have an off day, the important part is to stay aware of the recurring signs telling you to ease it back. For example, are you sleeping well? Are you irritable? Are you having to throw the towel in frequently or struggling to hold your power during workouts? Too often athletes discount how they feel and try to push through when it may be better to instead trade a poorly done workout for a bit more rest.  Pushing too often when the body is not prepared or recovered can be a recipe for doing more harm than good.

On the other hand, if you have tracked your metrics, follow training that is progressive and listened to your body, you’ll not only know when it’s OK to push it but will also be able to better absorb and make use of the harder training stress.

Troy Delfs, Momentum Cycling

Listen to your body!

Saddle sores, increased irritability, sore throat. These are some symptoms that you may be working too hard and are risking illness and injury. Most athletes are unique in their symptoms of overtraining (mine is night sweats). You need to pay attention and discover your warning sign. Think of them as the engine warning light in your car: if that light turns on, then you need to assess the situation and get things fixed pronto. 

In cycling, the easy fix is usually extra rest. If you are feeling ill or extremely fatigued and have a workout planned, then skip it.  Use the time that you had scheduled to ride and take a nap instead. This is not a sign of being lazy but rather a sign of a dedicated and intelligent athlete.

The hard Zwift sessions are what breaks your body down, while the quality recovery time is what builds your body up to a stronger level.

The number of rest days in relation to training days is relative to each individual athlete and is affected by factors including; base fitness, quality & quantity of sleep, diet & genetics. Listen to your body and find the work – rest balance that works best for you.

Rob Manning, Tailwind Coaching

1. “Check yourself” before your interval sessions.  If your HR or power numbers just aren’t right, bag the intervals and modify your training calendar.
2. Prioritize your recovery as well as your intervals.  Your body adapts during recovery, not during training.  If you’re not recovering as hard as you’re training, back down a little bit until you stop feeling flat.

Conclusions

Here are the key themes I see expressed by our coaches above:

• Listen to your body, and be willing to bag the difficult workout if your body needs it.
• Recovery days are just as important as hard days. Without them, your body doesn’t have the chance to adapt and grow stronger.
• A good coach can take your subjective input, combine it with your objective workout data, and advise you on a wise course of action.

How to Fuel for a Long Ride on Zwift

When it comes to long Zwift rides and endurance training, one of the most commonly overlooked factors is recovery, and more specifically, nutrition.  Too much emphasis is placed on the physical work, and the amazing resource of proper nutrition and its ability to boost performance goes untapped.

Any athlete can slog through a long ride, but it takes true discipline to maximize performance with pinpoint dietary intake.  Research has shown drastic performance differences between athletes who have the discipline to maintain a nutrient delivery protocol compared to those who don’t.

If taking your cycling to the next level is something that interests you, and/or you are getting ready to break your Zwift ride-time record, then keep reading!

Intra-Ride Fueling

As you set out for a long Zwift training ride or race, you should be focused on ingesting foods and fluids that will support your glycogen stores.  Research has shown that for extended bouts of high-intensity exercise, ingesting ~30–60 grams of carbohydrates per hour via a 12 fluid ounce 6-8% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution, every 10-15 minutes is the most effective means of supporting glycogen stores (3).  Simply stated, you need to ingest close to 15 grams of carbohydrates every 15 minutes—with a drink being the efficient method of delivery and easiest on the digestive system.

Not all sports drinks are created equal, however.  Traditional ones are littered with unnecessary dyes, chemicals, and saturated with sugar, but it is super simple to make your own!  For a basic homemade drink, try mixing one to two tablespoons of honey, lemon juice (or any citrus), a pinch of sea salt, and a splash of coconut water into 10 ounces of water.  Get creative and make a drink that meets your digestive and taste preferences by adding in other ingredients. The simpler the mixture, the less “extra” ingredients your body will have to digest.  Other great sources of sweetness for your homemade drink are maple syrup or pure organic fruit juice mixtures. I personally prefer an apple/pear juice mixture with pomegranate, YUM!

Speaking of Hydration

Hydration is an often overlooked nutrient during endurance training, especially when riding indoors in a hot environment with limited air circulation and evaporative cooling.  Like glycogen stores, being hydrated is something that cannot occur from one day of increased intake. It takes multiple days of strategic water intake to properly saturate the cells.  If ingested too quickly, the body will signal the need to expel water which will take vital minerals with it during the elimination process (1).  In the days leading up to your long Zwift ride or race, sip water continually throughout the day, accounting for 50-75% of your body weight in ounces at a minimum.  The amount of water needed is exceptionally higher if you train multiple times a day.

The effects of exercise-induced dehydration on endurance performance are well documented with several studies showing that a 2% reduction of body weight can lead to higher levels of perceived exertion, increased core temperature, and increased cardiovascular strain (5).  To avoid the detrimental effects of dehydration, aim to match intake with water loss.  This may require more frequent drinking and should occur before the sensation of thirst arises.

Thirsty Yet?

If an athlete waits for the sensation of thirst to arise before drinking, then important physiological factors have already occurred.  Thirst is triggered by a monitoring system whose job is to maintain a homeostatic level of blood plasma. There is an ideal value of hydration in blood plasma, and if this value dips below a specific level, the body releases hormones that will pull water from urine and the salivary glands in an effort to boost hydration of blood cells and introduces that terrible ‘dry mouth’ feeling.  These hormones, notably Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), will also shunt off blood flow from the extremities (i.e. legs!) and force it into the core (4).  This sequence of events can reduce your overall power output as blood is needed to provide oxygen and nutrients to those big ol’ quads.  Therefore, it is important that you are drinking continually throughout the ride and drinking before the sensation of thirst arises!

Avoid Palate Fatigue

Eating the same foods over and over can induce a reluctance to eat or even make some foods unpalatable.  Luckily, there is a huge variety of options out there if you are creative enough. Dates are an excellent carbohydrate source and naturally have a mushy texture that allows for easy snacking.  They also act as an excellent “adhesive” for creating your ideal in-race nutrition.

Try mashing up a handful of dates and rolling them out with a rolling pin, so that you have a date “sheet” or “foundation” about a half inch thick.  Add in some extra flavor layers that suit your digestive abilities. A solid choice is a thin layer of nut butter, and a thinly-sliced layer of water-packed fruit such as honeydew or pineapple. Once you are satisfied with the contents, roll up the entire sheet and cut the sheet into bite-sized chunks suitable for easy access and digestion.

Skip the Fats

Fats have a huge importance in an endurance athletes diet, but when it comes to long Zwift rides, it is best to skip fatty foods like nuts, seeds, oils, and large amounts of peanut butter and its variations.  Riding at high intensity and ingesting fats increases the potential for GI distress and a feeling of nausea.

Optimize Your Protein Intake

Protein plays an important role in both pre-fuel and post-fuel nutrition for endurance athletes. Proteins play a massive role in the various functions of our body! It has been found that including some protein into your training may be able to help boost fitness performance. However, it is also important not to overdo your protein intake as this can lead to digestive distress.

Here are some general protein guidelines to follow:

• During Training: ½-¾ grams of protein/lb. of body weight per day during your training period. The Meal Before Your Event: Two to three hours before your event, strive to get 10-20 grams of high-quality protein in.
• During Your Event: If you are exercising or training for longer than four hours, it is recommended that you get about five grams of protein per hour to help support performance and replenish your body.
• Recovery: Right after your event, you will want to replenish your body by getting about 10-20 grams of protein from a post-workout meal.

Conclusion

Hopefully the information above has given you to the ammunition to build better dietary habits to boost performance over your next long Zwift ride.  Hydration, nutrient intake, and timing are essential if you wish to take your rides to the next level. Remember, any athlete can slog through a workout, but it is the disciplined athlete who maximizes every detail to enhance performance!